"Alcohol, No! Gambling, Yes: A Matter of Survival in Aztec Society." British Journal of Addiction. "Aztecs (Time to Remember Series)." Folens Publishers. "Aztecs." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. "Great Empires of the Past: Empire of the Aztecs." Chelsea House Publications. "Non-Western Educational Traditions: Alternative Approaches to Educational Thought and Practice." Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. "Aztec Medicine." Pacific Lutheran Univeristy. "Red - the colour of cactus blood!" Mexicolore. "A short, sweet history of chocolate." Appleseeds. "Calm Nerves with Passion Flower." Fox News Health Blog. " American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations." Checkmark Books. Keoke, Emory Dean and Kay Marie Porterfield."Aztec Empire." Gale Encyclopedia of World History: Governments. "Aztecs." Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. "tlachtli." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. "Handbook to Life in the Aztec World." Infobase Publishing. Cochineal is still used today as a popular food dye. īy the end of the 19th century, a synthetic replacement for cochineal had been found and the bug dust fell mostly out of favor - but not necessarily out of flavor. The rich red also contributed to the robes of Catholic cardinals. The dye was so expensive that it was used only for the red coats of officers in the British army (while the rank and file wore madder-dyed cloth). This made it a staple of their economy for 300 years. Once the dye was discovered by the Spaniards, they immediately began exporting it home and doing their best to keep the source a secret. This means that 70,000 insects were needed for every pound of dye produced. Fortunately for cloth-dyers, but maybe not so much for the beetles, about one-quarter of the bug's body consists of carminic acid, which is what produces the red dye. The cochineal is a tiny beetle that lives on prickly pear cacti. Additionally, whenever one team scored, they were allowed to try to rob the spectators. Instead of a halftime show, human sacrifices were involved in the ollama ritual. As with many other things in Aztec society, the game could get extremely violent.
Ollama was played by the Aztec forebears, the Mayans, but in Aztec society, the game received an elevated status and was played only by the nobles. The aim of the game was to knock a small rubber ball (which represented the sun, moon or stars) through the rings using only the hips, knees or elbows. Attached near the top of these walls were stone rings said to represent the sunrise and sunset. The tlachtli was shaped like an "I" and had walls that were approximately three times the height of the men on the field. It was called ollama, and was played on a field called a tlachtli, which is often used interchangeably as the name of the game. Well, it wasn't quite the game we know as soccer today, but the Aztecs did play a game that could very well have been a precursor.
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